• DAY2SVR: Nws Storm Prediction Center Norman Ok

    From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Apr 29 17:16:03 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 291715
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 291715

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    Issued by 15th OWS Scott Air Force Base IL
    1215 PM CDT Tue Apr 29 2025

    Valid 301200Z - 011200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER NORTH-CENTRAL
    TEXAS... SOUTHEASTERN OKLAHOMA... WESTERN/CENTRAL ARKANSAS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered severe thunderstorms are possible on Wednesday, centered
    on central Texas to eastern Oklahoma and western Arkansas. Large
    hail, damaging wind, and a few tornadoes will be possible with
    thunderstorm activity.

    ...Synopsis...
    A shortwave trough is expected to move eastward across the Southern
    Plains on Wednesday, with multiple rounds of thunderstorm activity
    possible across portions of Texas and Oklahoma. At the start of the
    period Wednesday morning, convection should be ongoing across
    western Oklahoma into northern Texas near the surface low. This
    activity will continue to track eastward through the period and
    intensify through the afternoon/evening, as the surface low moves
    north and eastward. Additional thunderstorm development is expected
    along the southern fringe near the dryline in north-central Texas.

    A warm front extending across portions of Missouri, southern
    Indiana, southern Illinois into northern Kentucky may be the focus
    of strong to severe thunderstorm development Wednesday afternoon.

    ...Southern Plains into the Lower Mississippi Valley...
    The aforementioned thunderstorm activity early in the period
    Wednesday morning is expected to intensify through the afternoon, as
    daytime heating and increasing moisture leads to destabilization
    downstream in the warm sector. By the afternoon, the dryline across
    central Texas will be the focus of new development as upper level
    forcing overspreads the region. With multiple rounds of convection
    expected across the Texas Panhandle into western Oklahoma and north
    Texas in the D1 period, there is some uncertainty on where all the
    mesoscale features will be as this occurs. Nonetheless, it appears
    that ahead of the dryline the environment will be characterized by
    steep lapse rates, modest MLCAPE, and strong deep layer shear. This
    will support potential for a few supercells initially capable of
    very large hail. Should the mode remain favorable, the tornado risk
    will increase through the afternoon as the low-level jet strengthens
    and low-level curvature of hodographs increases. A more favorable
    corridor for tornadoes may exist near the Red River across
    southeastern Oklahoma/northern Texas. Upscale growth will promote
    potential for damaging wind, especially across eastern Oklahoma into
    western Arkansas. However, shear will also support potential for
    line embedded circulations.

    Additional thunderstorms may re-develop further west across the
    Texas Panhandle Wednesday afternoon, with potential for large hail.
    At this time, it is uncertain how much recovery can happen from
    multiple rounds of convection late D1 into D2 across this region.

    ...Lower MO/OH Valleys...
    Along the warm front from southern Indiana into southern Illinois
    and northern Kentucky, thunderstorm development is possible
    Wednesday afternoon. Forcing remains weaker across this region, with
    the shortwave back in the southern Plains. However, profiles would
    be supportive of a supercell or two in this region, given the plume
    of steep low to mid-level lapse rates, buoyancy, and sufficient
    shear. These would be capable of hail, severe wind, and potentially
    a tornado. For now, some uncertainty on coverage keeps probabilities
    low.

    ..15_ows.. 04/29/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue Apr 29 17:53:40 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 291752
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 291715

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    Issued by 15th OWS Scott Air Force Base IL
    1215 PM CDT Tue Apr 29 2025

    Valid 301200Z - 011200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER NORTH-CENTRAL
    TEXAS... SOUTHEASTERN OKLAHOMA... WESTERN/CENTRAL ARKANSAS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered severe thunderstorms are possible on Wednesday, centered
    on central Texas to eastern Oklahoma and western Arkansas. Large
    hail, damaging wind, and a few tornadoes will be possible with
    thunderstorm activity.

    ...Synopsis...
    A shortwave trough is expected to move eastward across the Southern
    Plains on Wednesday, with multiple rounds of thunderstorm activity
    possible across portions of Texas and Oklahoma. At the start of the
    period Wednesday morning, convection should be ongoing across
    western Oklahoma into northern Texas near the surface low. This
    activity will continue to track eastward through the period and
    intensify through the afternoon/evening, as the surface low moves
    north and eastward. Additional thunderstorm development is expected
    along the southern fringe near the dryline in north-central Texas.

    A warm front extending across portions of Missouri, southern
    Indiana, southern Illinois into northern Kentucky may be the focus
    of strong to severe thunderstorm development Wednesday afternoon.

    ...Southern Plains into the Lower Mississippi Valley...
    The aforementioned thunderstorm activity early in the period
    Wednesday morning is expected to intensify through the afternoon, as
    daytime heating and increasing moisture leads to destabilization
    downstream in the warm sector. By the afternoon, the dryline across
    central Texas will be the focus of new development as upper level
    forcing overspreads the region. With multiple rounds of convection
    expected across the Texas Panhandle into western Oklahoma and north
    Texas in the D1 period, there is some uncertainty on where all the
    mesoscale features will be as this occurs. Nonetheless, it appears
    that ahead of the dryline the environment will be characterized by
    steep lapse rates, modest MLCAPE, and strong deep layer shear. This
    will support potential for a few supercells initially capable of
    very large hail. Should the mode remain favorable, the tornado risk
    will increase through the afternoon as the low-level jet strengthens
    and low-level curvature of hodographs increases. A more favorable
    corridor for tornadoes may exist near the Red River across
    southeastern Oklahoma/northern Texas. Upscale growth will promote
    potential for damaging wind, especially across eastern Oklahoma into
    western Arkansas. However, shear will also support potential for
    line embedded circulations.

    Additional thunderstorms may re-develop further west across the
    Texas Panhandle Wednesday afternoon, with potential for large hail.
    At this time, it is uncertain how much recovery can happen from
    multiple rounds of convection late D1 into D2 across this region.

    ...Lower MO/OH Valleys...
    Along the warm front from southern Indiana into southern Illinois
    and northern Kentucky, thunderstorm development is possible
    Wednesday afternoon. Forcing remains weaker across this region, with
    the shortwave back in the southern Plains. However, profiles would
    be supportive of a supercell or two in this region, given the plume
    of steep low to mid-level lapse rates, buoyancy, and sufficient
    shear. These would be capable of hail, severe wind, and potentially
    a tornado. For now, some uncertainty on coverage keeps probabilities
    low.

    ..15_ows.. 04/29/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Apr 30 06:01:15 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 300601
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 300559

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1259 AM CDT Wed Apr 30 2025

    Valid 011200Z - 021200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR CENTRAL TEXAS
    INTO THE MISSISSIPPI AND OHIO VALLEYS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong/locally severe thunderstorm development is expected from
    central Texas into the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys northward to the
    Great Lakes Thursday. Thunderstorms will pose a risk for strong to
    severe winds and hail.

    ...Synopsis...
    A broad region of southwesterly flow aloft will extend across the
    lower Mississippi River Valley into the Great Lakes region Thursday,
    with a mid-level vort max forecast to be moving eastward across the
    Ozarks toward the Ohio Valley. Weak low pressure initially progged
    to reside over the Missouri vicinity will gradually deepen as it
    shifts east-northeastward into the Midwest through the day before
    moving across Lower Michigan and into Ontario overnight. A trailing
    cold front is forecast to shift gradually southeastward across the
    Midwest/Mid Mississippi Valley/southern Plains through the period.

    ...Lower Great Lakes southwestward to Texas...
    Thunderstorm activity will likely be ongoing near the front at the
    edge of the Marginal Risk at the beginning of D2/Thursday. Widely
    scattered thunderstorm activity is expected by the late
    morning/afternoon along and ahead of the front. Flow at 850 mb will
    be strongest from the mid Mississippi Valley into the Ohio Valley.
    Sufficient instability will extend far enough northward to the Great
    Lakes region to support a risk for damaging wind. Across the lower
    Mississippi Valley, flow will be weaker but thunderstorms are
    expected to re-develop by the afternoon. Given steep lapse rates,
    sufficient shear, and moderate CAPE, the potential for damaging
    winds will be possible.

    Across central Texas, forcing for ascent will be weaker but a few
    supercells may develop near the dryline. Guidance indicates the
    dryline may surge eastward by the late afternoon. Though the flow is
    weak, around 25-30 kts of deep layer flow across the dryline should
    be sufficient to organize storms. The air mass ahead of the dryline
    will be characterized by MLCAPE around 2000-3000 J/kg and a plume of
    steep low to mid-level lapse rates, and minimal MLCIN. Supercells in
    this regime would be capable of large to very large hail.

    ...Texas Panhandle into western Oklahoma...
    Elevated thunderstorms may develop across portions of the
    Oklahoma/Texas Panhandle late in the D2/Thursday period. These would
    likely be initially elevated but would pose some risk for hail and
    damaging wind. Consensus is that this would likely consolidate into
    an MCS and move across western Oklahoma through the end of the
    period, with the damaging wind risk continuing through the end of
    the D2 period.

    ..Thornton/Bentley.. 04/30/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed Apr 30 17:27:48 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 301727
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 301726

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1226 PM CDT Wed Apr 30 2025

    Valid 011200Z - 021200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM THE LOWER
    GREAT LAKES REGION SOUTHWESTWARD TO CENTRAL TEXAS...AND ACROSS PARTS
    OF NORTH TEXAS AND SOUTHERN OKLAHOMA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong/locally severe thunderstorm development is expected from
    parts of the southern Plains into the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys,
    and northeastward to the Lower Great Lakes Thursday. Thunderstorms
    will pose a risk for strong to severe winds and hail.

    ...Lower Great Lakes region southwestward to Texas...
    A lead mid-level short-wave trough is forecast to sweep across the
    Midwest/Ohio Valley area Thursday, ahead of a second/stronger trough
    digging southeastward across the north-central states. This lead
    trough will support surface cyclogenesis, as a low shifts from the
    Illinois vicinity across northern Indiana and into Lower Michigan by
    evening. As this occurs, a trailing cold front is forecast to
    advance eastward across the Ohio Valley area, while trailing
    westward across central Texas to the Rio Grande Valley.

    Ahead of this front, a seasonably moist low-level airmass will heat/destabilize, supporting scattered storm development within an
    elongated zone near and ahead of the boundary.

    Greater instability will evolve across Texas and the Arklatex
    region, but weaker forcing and a weakly capped boundary layer should
    limit storm coverage. A few storms may also develop over the higher
    terrain of Mexico, and move across the lower Rio Grande Valley. Any
    storm developing across this region will prove capable of producing
    large hail, and locally strong gusts.

    Farther northeastward, from the Mid Mississippi Valley area to the
    Lower Great Lakes, lesser instability but stronger flow aloft
    suggests potential for locally damaging winds with stronger storms,
    and possibly marginal hail in a few locales. The risk across this
    area should diminish through the evening.

    ...Southern Oklahoma into North Texas...
    Evening/overnight storm development appears likely across the
    western North Texas/southwestern Oklahoma vicinity Thursday night,
    in a zone of warm advection near/north of the remnant surface front.
    Steep lapse rates and moderate westerlies aloft will combine to
    support potential for a few supercells, most likely elevated atop a shallow/stable boundary layer. Very large hail would be the primary
    risk, but particularly if storms can congeal into a quasi-linear
    MCS, locally damaging wind gusts could also be possible.

    ..Goss.. 04/30/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu May 1 06:00:53 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 010600
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 010558

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1258 AM CDT Thu May 01 2025

    Valid 021200Z - 031200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM THE TRANS
    PECOS TO EAST-CENTRAL TEXAS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong to severe thunderstorms are expected from the
    Northeast, across the Ohio, Tennessee, and Lower Mississippi Valleys
    and into Texas on Friday. The greatest threat for large hail will be
    from the Trans Pecos to East Texas.

    ...Synopsis...
    A surface low will move from Ontario into northern Quebec on Friday
    with a trailing front stalling from the Great Lakes to the Ozarks to
    West Texas. This front will start to accelerate southeast during the
    late afternoon/evening as a positively tilted mid-level trough
    amplifies and moves south across the Plains. Scattered strong to
    severe storms are forecast along this frontal zone Friday
    afternoon/evening.

    ...Trans Pecos to East Texas...
    Moderate instability is forecast south of a frontal zone across
    central Texas Friday afternoon. As the mid-level trough advances
    southward through the Plains, mid-level temperatures will cool and
    ascent will overspread this frontal zone. Therefore, as the airmass
    becomes uncapped, scattered thunderstorms should develop along the
    front. 35 to 40 knots of effective shear should be sufficient for
    supercells with a primary hazard of large hail.

    ...Mid Mississippi Valley to the eastern Great Lakes...
    Scattered thunderstorms are expected along and ahead of the front
    from Louisiana to western New York on Friday afternoon. The best
    flow will be across Kentucky and Ohio and into Pennsylvania and New
    York, but heating/destabilization becomes more questionable that far
    north. The best overlap of mid-level flow and richer low-level
    moisture will be across the Mid-Mississippi Valley. However, cloud
    cover associated with an MCS which is expected to be ongoing at the
    beginning of the period across Texas and Arkansas will limit heating
    and thus destabilization. Better instability will be likely where
    heating can occur to the south of the more extensive cloud cover,
    but shear/forcing becomes weaker farther south and east. Therefore,
    within the broad marginal risk from western New York to Louisiana
    there will likely be one or more corridors with a greater threat for
    severe storms, but those areas will be mesoscale in nature and
    highly dependent on Day 1 convection. Therefore, no higher
    probabilities have been added at this time.

    ..Bentley.. 05/01/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu May 1 17:29:26 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 011729
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 011727

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1227 PM CDT Thu May 01 2025

    Valid 021200Z - 031200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FRIDAY AFTERNOON
    INTO EARLY FRIDAY NIGHT FROM CENTRAL TEXAS TO MIDDLE TENNESSEE AND
    CENTRAL KENTUCKY...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong to severe thunderstorms are expected from central
    Texas to middle Tennessee and central Kentucky Friday afternoon into
    early Friday night. Large hail and damaging winds are the main
    threats.

    ...Synopsis...
    Downstream from a ridge over the Great Basin, a shortwave trough now
    amplifying over the northern High Plains will continue southeastward
    across KS/OK/MO/AR on Friday. A separate/lead shortwave trough will
    eject quickly northeastward from the Great Lakes to the Saint
    Lawrence Valley. The lead shortwave trough will be associated with
    a weak surface cyclone across southeast QC and a trailing cold front
    into the lower Great Lakes. Farther southwest, the surface pattern
    will likely be modulated by the effects of overnight convection from
    D1 that will likely be ongoing at the start of the period from north
    TX and southern/eastern OK into western AR.

    ...Central TX to middle TN...
    Differential heating and outflow from the early convection will
    reinforce a baroclinic zone during the day from north/central TX
    into central AR. Surface heating/destabilization in advance of the
    remnant morning convection should result in re-invigoration of the
    convection by early afternoon across parts of the Mid-South and TN
    Valley, where the storm environment will favor clusters/line
    segments capable of producing occasional wind damage and large hail.


    Strong surface heating will occur south of the morning convection in
    TX where afternoon MLCAPE will likely exceed 2000 J/kg. The eastern
    extension of an EML, effective bulk shear of 30-40 kt and stronger
    flow aloft will favor a mix of supercells and multicell clusters
    capable of producing large hail (2 to 3 inches in diameter with the
    more persistent supercells). There will also be some increase in
    the threat for wind damage as storms consolidate into one or more
    larger clusters and continue moving southeastward toward the TX
    coast and south central TX into Friday night.

    ...Southern Appalachians to eastern NY...
    The ejecting/lead shortwave trough will provide a glancing influence
    across NY during the afternoon, where a weakly unstable warm sector
    is expected. Though buoyancy will not be particularly large (MLCAPE
    generally less than 1000 J/kg), some enhancement to midlevel flow
    (up to 40 kt) and steepened low-level lapse rates in the afternoon
    could support isolated wind damage with cell/small clusters.
    Farther south, flow aloft will be weaker, though stronger surface heating/larger buoyancy will compensate. Storm coverage is expected
    to remain widely scattered (more probable closer to the higher
    terrain/Blue Ridge), but thermodynamic profiles will favor
    sufficiently strong downdrafts for isolated wind damage.

    ..Thompson.. 05/01/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri May 2 05:55:03 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 020552
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 020551

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1251 AM CDT Fri May 02 2025

    Valid 031200Z - 041200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS MAINLY SATURDAY AFTERNOON/EVENING FROM THE SOUTHEAST INTO THE MID-ATLANTIC AND
    SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated strong to severe storms are possible on Saturday from the
    Southeast to southern New England and across deep South Texas.

    ...Synopsis...
    A mid-level low will become closed across the Midwest on Saturday
    with an associated surface low traversing along the Ohio River. A
    cold front will extend southwest from this surface low to South
    Texas Saturday morning with the cold front crossing the Appalachians
    by Saturday evening.

    ...Mid-Atlantic to the Southeast...
    A broad warm sector featuring low to mid 60s dewpoints will be in
    place ahead of the aforementioned cold front on Saturday morning.
    Convection will likely be ongoing along this front at the beginning
    of the period. This convection and associated cloud cover will
    likely inhibit destabilization ahead of the front with only weak
    instability forecast. Flow will be sufficient for some clusters or
    organized bowing segments, but the limited instability will probably
    limit a greater threat.

    Less cloudcover and greater destabilization is likely east of the
    Appalachians which could lead to a locally greater severe weather
    threat. Forecast soundings show around 35 to 45 knots of deep layer
    shear which could result in some organized storms. However, this
    threat should be short-lived as inhibition increases substantially
    after sunset.

    ...Deep South Texas...
    The majority of guidance shows the cold front/composite outflow in
    the Gulf/northern Mexico by 12Z Saturday, but some guidance (Hires
    NAM and somewhat the NSSL-WRF) shows a less progressive/slower
    southward movement of the boundary. Therefore, while a marginal
    severe weather risk appears less likely across Deep South Texas on
    Day 2/Saturday, the threat will be maintained for now since some
    guidance indicates the threat could exist and only slight timing
    differences from other guidance could result in some threat early on
    Day 2.

    ..Bentley.. 05/02/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri May 2 17:29:35 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 021729
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 021728

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1228 PM CDT Fri May 02 2025

    Valid 031200Z - 041200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM PORTIONS OF
    THE CAROLINAS INTO SOUTHEAST PENNSYLVANIA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated strong to severe storms are possible on Saturday from the
    Southeast to southern New England and across deep South Texas.

    ...Synopsis...

    A positive-tilt mid/upper trough from the Great Lakes to East Texas
    will shift east over the MS Valley as an upper cyclone develops over
    IL/MO by early afternoon. The upper cyclone should progress eastward
    over the Lower OH/TN Valley vicinity by the end of the period. Ahead
    of this system, a broad swath of modest southwesterly flow aloft
    will overspread much of the Eastern Seaboard. At the surface, weak
    cyclogenesis is forecast over the Ohio Valley. Meanwhile, a cold
    front will move across the Northeast, the central Appalachians, and
    much of the Southeast through Sunday morning.

    Further west, an upper trough will develop inland across the West. A
    belt of enhanced southerly mid/upper flow is expected to overspread
    portions of the Great Basin and the northern Rockies as this occurs.
    At the surface, a cold front will move eastward across the northern
    Great Basin.

    ...Southeast to Northeast U.S....

    Southerly low-level flow will transport modest boundary layer
    moisture northward ahead of the aforementioned cold front and
    surface low. Dewpoints will generally range from the upper 60s to
    low 60s F, though a corridor of mid-60s F dewpoints may occur from
    the Southeast into the central Appalachians. Convection will likely
    be ongoing across portions of MS/AL into the Lower OH Valley
    Saturday morning. Some of this activity across the Southeast could
    pose a risk for strong gusts. Additional convection is expected to
    develop during the afternoon ahead of the advancing cold front
    within a modestly destabilizing airmass (MLCAPE to around 1000
    J/kg). Overall, vertical shear profiles are forecast to remain
    modest, with less than 25-30 kt effective shear magnitudes. However,
    closer to the surface low and within a zone of potentially stronger differential heating from the central Appalachians to southeast PA,
    25-35 kt effective shear may support better organized/stronger
    updrafts. Isolated severe gusts and hail to 1.5 inches could occur
    with these cells within an area of steepened low-level lapse rates
    and moderate shear. An upgrade to Slight (level 2 of 5) has been
    included with this outlook update.

    The severe risk across the broader region will be tempered by modest shear/instability, though isolated strong gusts or hail may occur
    with any stronger cells. Additionally, with eastward extent into the
    Piedmont and Mid-Atlantic coastal areas, inhibition will increase
    during the evening as storms move into these areas, further limiting
    severe potential.

    ...NV into OR/ID...

    Scattered thunderstorms are expected during the afternoon amid
    increasing large-scale ascent and steepening mid and low-level lapse
    rates. Cool temperatures aloft will support steep midlevel lapse
    rates greater than 7-7.5 C/km, fostering up to 500 J/kg MLCAPE.
    Midlevel flow around 30-45 kt atop steep low-level lapse rates and a
    well-mixed boundary layer suggest some stronger outflow winds will
    be possible with the convection and a Marginal (level 1 of 5) risk
    has been included.

    ...South TX...

    Strong storms may be ongoing at the beginning of the period as the
    southwest extent of the aforementioned cold front overlies far South
    TX. Strong gusts could occur with this activity for a few hours in
    the morning before the boundary pushes south.

    ..Leitman.. 05/02/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat May 3 05:48:09 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 030547
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 030546

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1246 AM CDT Sat May 03 2025

    Valid 041200Z - 051200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM THE FLORIDA
    EAST COAST INTO SOUTHERN PENNSYLVANIA...AND ACROSS EASTERN NEW
    MEXICO...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated strong to severe thunderstorms are possible along the
    Florida east coast into the North Carolina/Virginia Piedmont and
    southwestern Pennsylvania. Additional severe thunderstorms are
    possible across eastern New Mexico.

    ...Synopsis...
    The upper-level pattern will feature two cutoff lows, one in the
    lower/mid Ohio Valley and another that will develop near the lower
    Colorado Valley. A surface low in the central/northern Appalachians
    will slowly fill during the day. A cold front will slowly progress
    eastward through parts of the Southeast into the Blue
    Ridge/Piedmont. In New Mexico, weak moisture return and upslope flow
    will occur in the southern Rockies.

    ...Florida...
    With the front pushing into portions of the northern Gulf, weak warm
    air advection and mid-level ascent on the southern periphery of the
    upper low may promote showers/thunderstorms into the eastern Gulf
    and perhaps the western Florida Peninsula. This activity plus cloud
    cover associated with the subtropical jet will impact the degree of destabilization that occurs in some areas. Still, the pattern favors thunderstorm along the eastern sea breeze boundary during the
    afternoon. 1000-1500 J/kg MLCAPE along with 25-30 kts effective
    shear across the sea breeze will promote supercells. Temperatures
    aloft are expected to be -12 to -14 C. Large hail and damaging winds
    would be possible with the strongest storms. A tornado would be
    possible with a supercell favorably interacting with the sea breeze
    boundary. Additional storms are possible along the front in the
    eastern Florida Panhandle/North Florida. Shear will be stronger
    closer to the upper low, but convergence is not overly strong along
    the front. Storm development will depend on local areas of stronger heating/convergence.

    ...Georgia into Piedmont/Blue Ridge and upper Ohio Valley
    Vicinity...
    Precipitation will likely be ongoing for most of these areas early
    Sunday morning. With at least low 60s F dewpoints extending into
    much of the Mid-Atlantic, destabilization is expected behind the
    morning activity. Confidence in sufficient destabilization is
    greatest from eastern Georgia into the Carolinas as the
    precipitation should move out sooner. Potentially lingering
    precipitation and cloud cover cast more uncertainty on the severe
    potential for the Mid-Atlantic into the upper Ohio Valley region.
    500-1000 J/kg MLCAPE appears possible during the afternoon.
    Effective shear of 35-40 kts will promote a few marginally organized
    cells capable of marginally severe hail and isolated damaging winds.

    ...New Mexico...
    With the cold front having moved into the northern Gulf, moisture
    return along the western flank of the surface high will be weak. Mid
    to upper 40s F dewpoints can be reasonably expected. However,
    temperatures of -14 to -16 C at 500 mb will allow weak buoyancy to
    develop. Mid-level ascent from subtle shortwaves and upslope flow
    will promote widely scattered to scattered storms in the southern
    Rockies. A belt of stronger mid-level winds will promote at least
    modest storm organization despite limited buoyancy. Small to
    marginally severe hail and isolated strong winds would be possible
    with this activity.

    ..Wendt.. 05/03/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat May 3 17:23:15 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 031723
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 031721

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1221 PM CDT Sat May 03 2025

    Valid 041200Z - 051200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM THE FLORIDA
    EAST COAST INTO SOUTHWEST PENNSYLVANIA...AND ACROSS EASTERN NEW
    MEXICO...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated strong to severe thunderstorms are possible along the
    Florida east coast into the North Carolina/Virginia Piedmont and
    southwestern Pennsylvania. Additional severe thunderstorms are
    possible across eastern New Mexico.

    ...Synopsis...

    A mid/upper cyclone will remain positioned over the OH/TN Valley
    vicinity on Sunday. This will maintain a belt of enhanced mid/upper
    south to southwesterly flow from FL to the Upper OH Valley. Further
    west, a large-scale upper trough will develop eastward across the
    western states, while an upper low develops within the southern
    branch of this system across the Southwest. As this occurs,
    strengthening mid/upper south/southwesterly flow will overspread the
    southern Rockies and adjacent High Plains.

    At the surface, a weak low is expected across WV with a cold front
    extending south across the VA/NC Piedmont and the SC/GA coastal
    vicinity before arcing southwest across north FL and the eastern
    Gulf. Additionally, a sea breeze is expected to develop during the
    late morning into afternoon along the FL east coast. Modest boundary
    layer moisture from the upper 50s to mid 60s F (higher dewpoints
    with southward extent) will be in place ahead of the front. Across
    the southern Rockies/High Plains vicinity, lee troughing will
    modestly strengthen during the afternoon/evening. Richer moisture
    will remain well to the south, but dewpoints in the upper 40s to low
    50s F are forecast.

    ...Florida...

    Cool temperatures aloft (-12 to -14 C at 500 mb) will support steep
    midlevel lapse rates near 7 C/km. Strong heating and low to mid 60s
    F dewpoints beneath steep midlevel lapse rates will foster moderate instability, with MLCAPE values topping out near 2000 J/kg. While
    deep-layer flow will remain modest, effective shear near 25 kt and
    vertically veering profiles will support at least transient storm
    organization. Low-level convergence along the sea breeze and the
    moderately unstable airmass should support isolated to scattered
    robust updrafts. The strongest storms could produce marginally
    severe hail and severe/damaging gusts. While low-level shear will
    remain weak, sufficient moisture and 0-3 km MLCAPE amid small but
    curved low-level hodographs suggests a brief tornado or two could
    develop on the sea breeze boundary. Uncertainty regarding storm
    coverage and longevity of strong updrafts precludes higher severe
    probabilities at this time.

    ...Coastal GA/SC to southwest PA...

    A modestly destabilizing airmass ahead of the surface cold front and
    within the warm conveyor ahead of the upper low should support
    thunderstorm development during the afternoon. Low-level flow will
    remain light, but increase with height to around 50 kt at 500 mb,
    supporting 25-35 kt effective shear across the region, and leading
    to elongated/straight hodographs. Meanwhile, cool temperatures aloft
    (-14 to -18 C at 500 mb) will support midlevel lapse rates of 6.5-7
    C/km. Isolated to scattered thunderstorms may produce marginally
    severe hail and gusty winds through early evening.

    ...New Mexico...

    Despite meager boundary layer moisture, cool temperatures aloft will
    support steep midlevel lapse rates and modest destabilization during
    the afternoon/evening. Shortwave impulses ejecting through
    increasing south/southwesterly mid/upper flow ahead of the Southwest
    upper trough/low, and low-level upslope flow will allow for
    scattered thunderstorm development by late afternoon into the
    afternoon. Strong vertical shear should support at least a few
    organized cells despite modest instability, and isolated hail and
    strong gusts will be possible.

    ..Leitman.. 05/03/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun May 4 05:53:19 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 040551
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 040549

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1249 AM CDT Sun May 04 2025

    Valid 051200Z - 061200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER PORTIONS OF
    WESTERN AND CENTRAL TEXAS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe thunderstorms are possible from the southern High Plains into
    parts of central Texas Monday afternoon and evening. Large to very
    large hail and severe winds are the primary threats. Additional
    strong to severe storms are possible along the eastern Florida coast
    and from northeast North Carolina to the Lake Erie vicinity.

    ...Synopsis...
    Two upper-level lows, one in the Ohio Valley and the other in the
    Southwest, will make slow eastward progress on Monday. A cold front
    from the Upper Ohio Valley southward into the Mid-Atlantic and
    central Florida will be a focus for convection during the afternoon.
    In the southern High Plains, a surface trough/dryline will form and
    promote afternoon thunderstorms as greater moisture moves westward
    into the region.

    ...Southern High Plains into Central Texas...
    As the upper low advances toward the region late Sunday into Monday,
    some convection is possible from northeast New Mexico into the Texas
    Panhandle and western Oklahoma. Low cloud cover is also expected
    along with the moisture returning northwest across Texas into
    eastern New Mexico. While these will be complicating factors in the
    forecast, the approach of the upper low and embedded perturbations
    will encourage the development of a dryline from far eastern New
    Mexico into the Trans-Pecos. Strong heating along this dryline,
    where upper 50s to mid 60s dewpoints will reside, will drive storm
    development during the afternoon. Hodographs will initially be
    rather straight. Splitting supercells capable of large/very-large
    hail and severe winds are probable. During the early evening, the
    low-level jet will strengthen. Moisture return will increase and
    low-level hodographs will become larger. A zone of greater tornado
    potential is evident from southern portions of the South Plains into
    the northern Permian Basin, particularly for supercells lasting into
    the early evening.

    The evolution of convection becomes a bit more uncertain into the
    later evening. The ramp up in the low-level jet should eventually
    promote upscale growth into a cluster/MCS. This activity could
    persist into parts of central Texas. Model guidance continues to
    differ on the placement of this feature. The exact track will depend
    largely on how far north the greater moisture is able to advect.
    Severe winds would be the primary threat with these storms, though
    low-level shear would also support some tornado risk even with a
    linear mode. During the overnight and into Tuesday morning, the
    greatest mid-level height falls will occur in the southern High
    Plains. An additional cluster/MCS on the retreating dryline. How
    severe this activity will be is unclear given the time of day and
    the preceding convection.

    ...Florida...
    With cold temperatures aloft (-10 to -12 C) remaining over the
    Peninsula and stronger surface heating expected to occur, a few
    strong to severe storms will again be possible along the eastern sea
    breeze boundary. 1500-2000 J/kg MLCAPE and 25-35 kts of effective
    shear (stronger to the north) will promote supercell structures
    capable of large hail and damaging winds. A brief tornado would be
    possible with storms that interact favorably with the sea breeze
    boundary.

    ...Mid-Atlantic into Upper Ohio Valley...
    While some precipitation and cloud cover may occur early Monday
    morning, models continue to show agreement that pockets of surface
    heating will promote around 1000 J/kg by the afternoon. Enhanced
    mid-level winds around the Ohio Valley upper low will foster 40-45
    kts of effective shear. Isolated large hail and strong/damaging
    winds will be possible with the strongest storms.

    ..Wendt.. 05/04/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun May 4 17:17:24 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 041717
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 041715

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1215 PM CDT Sun May 04 2025

    Valid 051200Z - 061200Z

    ...THERE IS AN ENHANCED RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS FAR
    SOUTHEAST NEW MEXICO INTO SOUTHWEST TEXAS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe thunderstorms are expected from the southern High Plains into
    parts of central Texas Monday afternoon and evening. Scattered large
    to very large hail and severe winds are the primary threats, though
    a couple of tornadoes also are possible. Additional strong to severe
    storms are possible along the eastern Florida coast and from
    northeast North Carolina to the Lake Erie vicinity.

    ...Synopsis...

    A pair of upper cyclones, one over the Ohio Valley and the other
    across the Southwest, will pivot east on Monday. These systems will
    support a belt of enhanced mid/upper flow across the southern
    Rockies/High Plains and the Mid-Atlantic/Lower Great Lakes. At the
    surface, a cold front will stretch from the Mid-Atlantic
    south/southwest into north-central FL. Meanwhile, a dryline is
    forecast to develop across eastern NM and southwest TX, while a warm
    front lifts slowly northward across northwest and central TX. These
    features will focus potential for severe thunderstorms Monday
    afternoon into the evening/overnight.

    ...Southeast NM into Central TX...

    Southeasterly low-level flow will transport 60s F dewpoints
    northwest toward southeast NM into the Trans-Pecos vicinity ahead of
    a sharpening dryline. Strong heating along/just behind the dryline
    will foster moderate diurnal destabilization as deep-layer flow
    strengthens. Forecast hodographs initially will be
    elongated/straight through the afternoon and early evening.
    Splitting supercells produce large/very large hail are expected with
    initial convection. Furthermore, steep low-level lapse rates where
    stronger heating occurs also could support strong/severe gusts.

    During the evening, a low-level jet will increase, resulting in
    enlarged/curved low-level hodographs. Additional rounds of
    supercells may develop as the dryline begins to retreat and stronger
    ascent overspreads the region. This activity will continue to pose a significant hail risk with an increasing risk for a couple of
    tornadoes. As the upper low draws closer to the southern Rockies
    during the nighttime hours, weak cyclogenesis may occur over far
    southwest TX. Additional thunderstorm clusters, possibly growing
    upscale into an MCS propagating along the higher theta-e gradient
    across west-central to central TX is possible. It is uncertain how
    intense this convection may become given multiple rounds of
    convection across parts of the area earlier in the day, but some
    risk for damaging gusts and a tornado or two will persist.

    ...OK/TX Panhandle into Northeast NM/southeast CO...

    With northward extent across the southern High Plains, northward
    moisture return will remain muted, with dewpoints generally in the
    40s to low 50s F forecast. Nevertheless, cooling aloft will support
    steepening midlevel lapse rates amid strengthening vertical shear.
    Isolated large hail and gusty winds may accompany thunderstorm
    activity north of the effective warm front in an upslope flow
    regime.

    ...Mid-Atlantic to Lower Great Lakes...

    Pockets of heating into the afternoon amid mid 50s to low 60s F
    dewpoints, and cold temperatures aloft will support modest
    destabilization (up to 1000 J/kg MLCAPE) across the region. Enhanced
    midlevel flow will support effective shear values to around 35-45
    kt. This should support isolated organized updrafts, with stronger
    cells having potential for large hail and locally strong gusts
    during the afternoon and early evening.

    ...FL...

    A surface cold front will sag south through the period. Furthermore,
    an east coast sea breeze developing ahead of the cold front appears
    probable. Strong heating amid mid 60s F dewpoints will aid in
    moderate destabilization (MLCAPE up to 2000 J/kg). Cool temperatures
    aloft (-10 to -12 C at 500 mb) will support midlevel lapse rates
    near 7 C/km. While deep-layer flow will be somewhat weak through 700
    mb, vertically veering wind profiles will support around 30 kt
    effective shear. Elongated/straight hodographs in conjunction with a
    favorable thermodynamic environment suggests isolated hail will be
    possible. Steep low-level lapse rates also will support strong
    gusts.

    ..Leitman.. 05/04/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon May 5 06:01:00 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 050600
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 050559

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1259 AM CDT Mon May 05 2025

    Valid 061200Z - 071200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM CENTRAL TEXAS
    INTO THE SABINE VALLEY...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe thunderstorms are possible from portions of the southern
    Plains into the lower Mississippi Valley on Tuesday. Severe winds,
    large to very large hail, and a few tornadoes are possible.
    Additional isolated strong to severe storms capable of large hail
    and isolated wind damage are possible within parts of the northern
    Mid-Atlantic states.

    ...Synopsis...
    With the blocking pattern still in place, the upper lows in the Ohio
    Valley and Southwest will continue to make slow progress on Tuesday.
    A shortwave trough on the base of the upper low is expected to eject
    into the southern Plains. This will promote severe potential across
    much of the region into the Lower Mississippi Valley. Rich moisture
    will continue to push into much of Texas and a warm front will lift
    to near the Red River.

    ...Central/East Texas into Western Louisiana...
    A complicated forecast exists across these regions. Convection is
    anticipated to develop in West Texas along a retreating dryline late
    on Day 1/Monday. Models are in general agreement that some of this
    activity will persist into Tuesday morning in central Texas. A very
    moist airmass (mid 60s to low 70s F dewpoints) will be advecting northward/westward ahead of this activity. There is some potential
    for this activity to remain slightly elevated given the early
    morning timing and some overnight boundary layer cooling. However,
    high theta-e advection will also mitigate inhibition. Though this
    uncertainty remains, the Slight risk has been moved farther westward
    in central Texas to account for potential near-surface/surface based
    storms early on Tuesday. Additional early morning activity is
    expected along the northward lifting warm front as the shortwave
    trough ejects into the southern Plains and the low-level jet
    impinges on the boundary.

    How this morning activity evolves will greatly impact the potential
    for higher-end severe storms in the afternoon and what the greatest
    severe hazard will be. The very moist airmass and steep mid-level
    lapse rates will promote a zone of 2500-3500 J/kg MLCAPE in parts of Central/East Texas south of the warm front. With greater than 50 kts
    of effective shear, all severe hazards would be possible regardless
    of the ultimate evolution of the convection. That being said, there
    appears to be a corridor of conditionally higher severe potential
    near and just south of the warm front in Northeast Texas into
    northwest Louisiana. Should a more organized cluster/MCS persist
    through Monday night into Tuesday morning, there is greater
    potential for a swath of severe wind gusts as the airmass
    destabilizes ahead of it. Without the MCS, there is greater
    potential for storms developing along the warm front to produce
    tornadoes (perhaps strong) as the strong low-level jet and fringe of
    the steeper lapse rates will overlap.

    Given the weakly capped boundary layer even early in the day, there
    is reasonable confidence in numerous storms, particularly along the
    warm front. With large amounts of storm interference possible, on
    top of potential MCS, confidence is not high enough to increase
    tornado probabilities. Concerning the MCS and greater severe wind
    potential, models vary greatly on the placement of this feature.
    Similarly, confidence is too low for higher wind probabilities as
    well. Overall, scattered to numerous storms along the warm front and
    dryline in central Texas will be capable of all severe hazards. Very
    large hail is most likely along the dryline or with storms that
    develop along the southern edge of any MCS.

    ...Red River Vicinity...
    Storms near the Red River and northward are more likely to be
    elevated. Large hail and perhaps isolated damaging gusts could
    occur. There is some tornado potential south of the Red River into
    North Texas where storms will be at least near-surface based.

    ...Texas Panhandle...
    With the upper-level low moving into parts of the Panhandle and weak
    surface low in the South Plains, there is potential for moisture to
    remain along a surface boundary. Several models show low 50s F
    dewpoints in the region. The question will be how much surface
    heating occurs. Should sufficient buoyancy develop, cold
    temperatures aloft will promote potential for marginally severe hail
    and isolated severe gusts in the strongest storms.

    ...Northern Mid-Atlantic...
    With the Upper Ohio Valley cyclone moving slowly northeast, there
    will be potential for another round of convection to develop near
    the core of the upper low where greater surface heating occurs.
    Marginally severe hail and isolated wind damage will be possible
    with storms during the afternoon.

    ...South Texas...
    Forcing for ascent will be somewhat weak during the afternoon and
    storm development is not certain. Some model guidance suggests that
    storms could form during the overnight near the Rio Grande Valley as
    a shortwave impulse moves over South Texas and adjacent Mexico.
    Large hail and severe winds would be possible with any supercells
    that can develop.

    ..Wendt.. 05/05/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon May 5 17:30:47 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 051729
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 051728

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1228 PM CDT Mon May 05 2025

    Valid 061200Z - 071200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS NORTHWEST
    TEXAS...AND CENTRAL TEXAS INTO THE SABINE VALLEY...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe thunderstorms are possible from portions of the southern
    Plains into the lower Mississippi Valley on Tuesday. Severe winds,
    large to very large hail, and a few tornadoes are possible.
    Additional isolated strong to severe storms capable of large hail
    and isolated wind damage are possible within parts of the northern
    Mid-Atlantic states.

    ...Synopsis...
    A mid-level blocking pattern will start to break down during the day
    2 period with the mid-level low in the Southwest and the Ohio Valley
    starting to advance east-northeast. A weak surface low will linger
    near the eastern Great Lakes through the period on Tuesday. Broad
    low pressure will persist across Texas with a sharpening dryline
    during the afternoon across central Texas and a warm front extending
    from northeast Texas into northern Louisiana and southern
    Mississippi.

    ...Mid Atlantic to Northeast...
    Upper 50s to near 60s dewpoints will advect north across parts of
    the Mid-Atlantic and into the Northeast on Tuesday. This, combined
    with some surface heating and cool temperatures aloft beneath the
    upper low, should support weak to moderate instability. Scattered
    strong to severe storms are expected during the afternoon/early
    evening with a threat for large hail and damaging wind gusts.

    ...Central/Eastern Texas into LA and southern MS...
    A cluster of supercells or MCS will likely be ongoing at the
    beginning of the period across central Texas. This will continue to
    pose a threat for large hail and severe wind gusts through the
    morning as it moves along a warm front in the region. As the warm
    front continues to advect inland, destabilization will occur ahead
    of this ongoing convection. This will likely result in additional
    development along the warm front and also on the southern end of the
    ongoing activity. Strong shear will support supercells capable of
    large hail and severe wind gusts. In addition, a few tornadoes are
    possible with any supercells which can remain rooted within the warm
    sector.

    In the wake of the morning activity in central Texas, surface
    heating is expected along the dryline in central Texas during the
    afternoon. It is unclear whether substantial recovery will occur for
    additional supercell development in this region during the
    afternoon/evening, but if supercells develop they will pose a threat
    for large to very large hail and severe wind gusts.

    ...Northwest Texas Vicinity...
    As morning convection/cloud cover clears out to the northeast,
    substantial heating may occur beneath the upper low for some
    low-topped supercell development along an occluded front which will
    extend from central Texas into northwest Texas. These storms will be
    capable of large hail and perhaps a brief tornado.

    ...South Texas...
    Isolated supercells are possible along the dryline Tuesday
    afternoon/evening. Extreme instability and very strong shear will
    support supercells capable of very large hail with any sustained
    supercells that form. However, only weak height falls during the
    afternoon and limited convergence along the dryline, as low-level
    flow veers across the warm sector, should keep supercells
    development isolated. The HRRR has more robust convective
    development with storms off higher terrain in northern Mexico and
    additional development in South Texas. Should this occur, higher
    hail/wind probabilities would be necessary given the environment.
    However, forcing does not support this scenario with height rises
    across South Texas and a low-level jet focused across
    Louisiana/southern Mississippi.

    ..Bentley.. 05/05/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue May 6 05:54:51 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 060554
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 060552

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1252 AM CDT Tue May 06 2025

    Valid 071200Z - 081200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM SOUTH TEXAS
    TO THE UPPER TEXAS COAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe storms are possible from the South Texas into the
    Upper Texas Coast on Wednesday. Large hail and strong to severe
    winds are the main hazards.

    ...Synopsis...
    A mid-level shortwave trough will move into the Mid-South and weaken
    on Wednesday. The upper-level low will remain within parts of the central/southern Plains. While low-level moisture will remain high
    across parts of Texas, a nebulous surface pattern will limit the
    potential for focused/organized severe weather. A stalled surface boundary/outflow will be the primary zone of concern during the
    afternoon.

    ...South Texas into Upper Texas Coast...
    A stalled boundary is expected from South Texas northeastward
    towards the Sabine Valley. Convergence along this boundary will be
    weak and mid-level height tendencies will be neutral, but strong
    surface heating and perhaps subtle mid-level ascent could promote
    isolated storms along this boundary. Strong buoyancy and over 50 kts
    of effective shear will support a risk for large hail and strong to
    severe winds. Discrete storms are possible initially, but shear
    mostly parallel to the surface boundary suggests storm interactions
    would be probable. This, along with rather modest mid-level lapse
    rates should keep the potential for very-large hail low.

    ...Oklahoma...
    With the upper-level low moving into Oklahoma and Kansas by the
    afternoon. Cold temperatures aloft will support some convective
    development within a very weak surface reflection/convergence
    beneath the upper low. Dewpoints will not be overly high for this
    time of year (mid/upper 50s F). While models have generally trended
    a bit stronger with the feature, the greatest mid-level winds will
    be displaced farther to the south from where the highest confidence
    in convective development is (northern into perhaps parts of central
    Oklahoma). There will be a zone in south-central into southeast
    Oklahoma that could support a stronger storm, but this threat is
    rather conditional.

    ...Central into East Texas...
    East of the I-35 corridor, upper mid/upper 60s F dewpoints are
    possible in the wake of convection Tuesday night into Wednesday
    morning. Given the weakening upper-level system, the surface pattern
    will be quite diffuse/disorganized. Sufficient shear and buoyancy
    will exist for strong to severe storms, but storm development is
    highly uncertain/conditional. Mid-level ascent will be weak as
    height tendencies will be neutral. Other than a mesoscale zone of
    convergence or perhaps an outflow boundary from convection near the
    Gulf Coast, low-level forcing will also be weak.

    ..Wendt.. 05/06/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue May 6 17:28:42 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 061728
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 061726

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1226 PM CDT Tue May 06 2025

    Valid 071200Z - 081200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS IN PARTS OF SOUTH
    TX...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe thunderstorms are possible across the southern Great
    Plains to coastal Louisiana on Wednesday. Large hail should be the
    main hazard, which appears most likely in parts of south Texas
    during the late afternoon to early evening.

    ...Synopsis...
    Primary mid/upper low near the KS/OK border will drift east and
    gradually dampen through the period. A minor surface wave may
    accompany this low with a dryline extending south into south-central
    TX. A broad MCS on D1 should yield large-scale convective outflow
    near the upper TX to LA coast at 12Z Wednesday.

    ...South TX to coastal LA...
    An extensive swath of convection will likely be ongoing across
    portions of the northwest to north-central Gulf Coast. Limited real
    estate may exist for morning severe, but could possibly affect
    coastal LA where a low-probability wind/tornado threat has been
    added. Afternoon to early evening thunderstorm redevelopment along
    and north of the large-scale outflow will be dependent on its
    spatial placement, as large-scale ascent wanes amid neutral
    mid-level height change. A few supercells seem most probable where
    the boundary intersects with the south-central TX dryline. Ample
    buoyancy to the south of the outflow, along with strong effective
    shear north of it, should yield a corridor of large hail threat
    initially. Mid/upper flow tending to orient along the boundary will
    support some clustering into the evening. This should limit coverage
    of very large hail potential, with a mixed isolated severe hail/wind
    threat across the coastal plain.

    ...Central/eastern OK into north TX...
    Despite a fairly weak surface reflection and attendant convergence,
    12Z CAM guidance is consistent with scattered storms developing
    southeast of the mid/upper low in OK, and isolated storms into north
    TX along the dryline. Guidance more broadly varies with degree of destabilization/residual boundary-layer moisture in the wake of
    extensive convective overturning on D1. Still, with steep mid-level
    lapse rates accompanying the low and greater boundary-layer heating
    in its vicinity tomorrow compared to today, a threat for at least
    isolated severe hail and localized strong gusts is apparent. For
    now, have upgraded to a level 1/MRGL hail-driven risk.

    ..Grams.. 05/06/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed May 7 05:59:05 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 070558
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 070556

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1256 AM CDT Wed May 07 2025

    Valid 081200Z - 091200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER A BROAD
    PORTION OF THE SOUTHERN AND EASTERN CONUS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe thunderstorms with large hail and damaging winds are
    possible, mainly Thursday afternoon and evening, from southern Texas
    across the Southeast and into the Lower Mid-Atlantic States.

    ...Synopsis...
    An elongated trough from the Northeast into the Southwest will shift
    eastward on Thursday. Areas of moderate mid-level winds will support
    some potential for strong to severe storms across a very broad
    region from the Trans-Pecos into the Mid-South/Southeast and the
    southern Mid-Atlantic. As the trough will be highly positively
    tilted, the surface pattern will be rather nebulous and mid-level
    ascent will be weak. A weak surface boundary is expected from parts
    of the southern Plains into the Mid Atlantic. Outlook refinement is
    possible as greater details of potential mesoscale severe risk
    corridors become more evident.

    ...Mid-South...
    A weak surface front may help to focus convective development during
    the afternoon. Given the orientation of the upper trough, mid-level
    ascent will be rather weak. Still, temperatures will be cold aloft
    and shear on the southern periphery of the weak upper low will be
    sufficient for isolated organized cells capable of large hail and
    damaging winds. Storm coverage and timing remain a bit uncertain as
    some cloud cover (some with the upper low and other influence from
    convection farther south) could hinder surface heating. These
    uncertainties preclude higher hail probabilities.

    ...Trans-Pecos into Rio Grande Valley...
    A modest shortwave trough in northern Mexico will slide eastward
    into the Trans-Pecos by early afternoon. Storms are expected to
    initiate within the Davis Mountains and move southeastward into low
    60s F dewpoints. Temperatures aloft will not be overly cold, but
    1000-1500 J/kg MLCAPE can be expected as the storms move into richer
    moisture. It is possible that this activity grows upscale and moves
    along the Rio Grande Valley into South Texas late evening into early
    Friday morning. Given the timing of this activity, some boundary
    layer cooling will have occurred and marginally warmer air aloft in
    forecast soundings may limit a more organized severe threat.

    ...Southern Mid-Atlantic...
    Modest mid-level forcing should promote convection along the
    Appalachians/Blue Ridge. A well-mixed boundary layer with 500-1000
    J/kg MLCAPE and 35-40 kts of effective shear will allow for a few
    organized storms during the afternoon. Damaging winds and isolated
    marginally severe hail may occur.

    ...Southern Atlantic Coast...
    Though models differ on the placement of the stronger core of
    mid-level winds, sufficient westerly flow aloft is probable for a
    few organized storms along the sea breeze boundary. Temperatures
    should remain cold enough aloft to support a large hail threat.
    Damaging winds are also possible.

    ..Wendt.. 05/07/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed May 7 17:30:57 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 071730
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 071729

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1229 PM CDT Wed May 07 2025

    Valid 081200Z - 091200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS AND RIO GRANDE VALLEY...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered damaging winds and severe hail are possible over the
    southern Appalachians on Thursday afternoon to early evening. A
    swath of large hail and severe wind is possible along the Rio Grande
    Valley from mid-afternoon to evening.

    ...Synopsis...
    An elongated, positive-tilt mid/upper trough from southeast Canada
    to the Rio Grande will slowly progress east on Thursday. At least a
    trio of embedded shortwave impulses will aid in corridors of modest
    large-scale ascent, amid a pervasive swath of 35-50 kt 500-mb west-southwesterlies across the South into the East. Given the
    highly positive-tilt orientation of the trough, attendant surface
    reflections will remain weak. A minor surface wave over the
    Mid-South should decay by early evening, while a separate low drifts
    northeast from the lee of the southern Appalachians to VA.

    ...Mid-South to southern Appalachians...
    Multiple corridors of scattered thunderstorm development are
    expected by Thursday afternoon, ahead of a shortwave impulse
    drifting from the Ozarks across a portion of the Mid-South.
    Lingering activity/cloud cover during the morning will serve as the
    northern limiter to severe potential, along with weaker deep-layer
    shear closer to the trough. The most likely zone for a scattered
    severe hail and damaging wind threat appears to be across the
    southern Appalachians vicinity where MLCAPE of 1000-1500 J/kg and
    30-40 kt effective bulk shear are anticipated. Here, a few
    supercells may congeal into an organized cluster or two. Farther
    west, lesser values of instability and shear should yield a more isolated/marginal severe threat.

    ...TX Rio Grande Valley...
    A low-amplitude shortwave impulse should progress from northern
    Chihuahua along the Rio Grande. Numerous thunderstorms are expected
    ahead of the impulse across the southern Trans-Pecos/Big Bend by
    mid-afternoon and adjacent Coahuila. Uncertainty increases with how
    this activity will evolve downstream Thursday evening, potentially
    remaining primarily across northeast Mexico or growing upscale
    across the Lower Rio Grande Valley into Deep South TX as it impinges
    on richer low-level moisture. With low-level northeasterlies beneath mid/upper-level west-southwesterlies, an elongated/nearly
    straight-line hodograph is expected. This should foster splitting
    supercell structures, which could congeal into a cluster/small MCS.
    The primary limiting factor to more robust intensity will be a lack
    of steep mid-level lapse rates amid weak warm advection. Still,
    enough signal exists to warrant a level 2/SLGT risk.

    ...Southern Mid-Atlantic...
    Modest mid-level forcing for ascent should promote isolated to
    scattered thunderstorms developing off the central Appalachians and
    Blue Ridge Mountains on Thursday afternoon. A well-mixed boundary
    layer with weak MLCAPE and moderate effective shear will allow for a
    few transient/weakly organized cells during the afternoon. This
    could promote small hail amid weak mid-level lapse rates and support
    a primary threat of localized damaging winds.

    ...Southern Atlantic Coast...
    Sufficient mid-level westerlies are expected to support a few weakly
    organized storms along the sea breeze boundary on Thursday
    afternoon. Mid-level temperatures should remain cold enough to
    support an isolated severe hail threat. A warm/moist boundary layer
    will also foster isolated strong to severe gusts.

    ..Grams.. 05/07/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu May 8 05:53:53 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 080550
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 080549

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1249 AM CDT Thu May 08 2025

    Valid 091200Z - 101200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE SOUTHEAST INTO THE SOUTHERN MID-ATLANTIC...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe thunderstorms, capable of damaging winds along with
    some hail, are possible across the Southeast States and southern
    Mid-Atlantic, mainly on Friday afternoon to early evening.

    ...Synopsis...
    A stronger upper-level trough in the Northeast will shear apart the
    elongated trough structure that has been present for the last few
    days in the East. A cutoff low will develop in the lower Mississippi
    Valley region. A diffuse surface cold front will be the primary
    focus for convection along with additional potential along the
    Gulf/Atlantic sea breeze boundaries in Florida. A belt of stronger
    mid-level winds near the Gulf/Atlantic coasts will promote modest
    storm organization.

    ...Southeast Virginia into North Carolina...
    Mid-level ascent will be greater in these areas. With a weak surface
    low and front moving through, there could be a greater concentration
    of storms than farther south. Models are consistent with at least
    modest early day precipitation occurring along with lingering cloud
    cover. Depending on afternoon destabilization, there could be a
    locally greater corridor of wind/hail potential.

    ...Southeast into eastern Florida Peninsula...
    Surface heating near a diffuse surface boundary (Atlantic sea breeze
    in Florida) will promote 1500-2000 J/kg MLCAPE by the afternoon. A
    belt of stronger mid-level winds across these areas will support at
    least isolated organized storms. Damaging winds will be possible and
    modest mid-level lapse rates will support some threat for large hail
    as well.

    ...Florida Panhandle...
    Depending on the track of an MCV within the Gulf, surface heating
    and the Gulf breeze boundary will be potential triggers for
    convection during the afternoon. Shear will be modest (25-30 kts),
    but a few stronger storms may produce damaging winds or marginally
    severe hail. Should the MCV track closer to the shore, surface
    heating would be more limited, but isolated wind damage could occur
    with any linear segments associated with the MCV.

    ..Wendt.. 05/08/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Thu May 8 17:13:12 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 081713
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 081711

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1211 PM CDT Thu May 08 2025

    Valid 091200Z - 101200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM PARTS OF
    THE GULF COAST STATES NORTHWARD INTO THE CAROLINAS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Isolated severe thunderstorms capable of damaging gusts and large
    hail are possible across the Southeast States.

    ...Synopsis...
    Upper troughiness will extend from the Northeast southwestward into
    TX, with upper lows in both locales. The low/trough over the Mid
    Atlantic and New England will deepen through the period, with the
    base of this wave sweeping across VA and NC. To the south, cool
    midlevel temperatures will remain over the Gulf Coast states as a
    positive tilt trough develops over the western Gulf.

    At the surface, weak low pressure will develop from the Mid Atlantic
    Coast to the eastern Carolinas, ahead of a cold front. Sufficient
    moisture will exist ahead of the front, from far southeast VA toward
    the Gulf Coast and FL, to support scattered strong and isolated
    severe daytime storms.

    ...Southeastern States...
    Although the Gulf Coast portion of the front will be weak, moderate
    instability due to strong heating should lead to scattered storms by
    late afternoon in an east-west zone from southern MS into southern
    GA. Forecast soundings depict weak shear but a steep lapse rate
    environment favorable for diurnal hail. Cold downdrafts may also
    yield localized wind damage.

    To the north, storms will increase in coverage over much of the
    Carolinas into far southeast VA. Instability may be a bit marginal
    over north parts of this region due to early development. However,
    pockets of air mass recovery will support scattered strong storms,
    aided by the upper trough influence to the north.

    Over FL, strong heating beneath cool midlevel temperatures (500 mb
    around -11 C) will result in moderate instability. Isolated storms
    are likely to develop over the interior Peninsula, with large hail
    potential. Storms should move slowly given weak flow below 500 mb,
    and as such, the threat should remain relatively localized.

    ..Jewell.. 05/08/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri May 9 05:23:09 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 090520
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 090518

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1218 AM CDT Fri May 09 2025

    Valid 101200Z - 111200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS SATURDAY ACROSS
    PARTS OF CNTRL AND NORTHERN FL...SRN GA...AND WRN INTO CNTRL MT...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong thunderstorms may impact parts of northern and central
    Florida and adjacent southern Georgia on Saturday. Additional
    strong thunderstorms may impact parts of western into central
    Montana. Some of these storms may be accompanied by at least some
    risk for severe weather.

    ...Discussion...
    It appears that much of North America will remain under the
    influence of split, amplified westerlies through this period and
    beyond, with flow in the northern mid-latitudes remaining stronger
    than in the southern mid- and subtropical latitudes. Within this
    regime, a significant mid-level trough is forecast to continue
    digging offshore of the British Columbia coast toward the Pacific
    Northwest, preceded inland by a less prominent, northeastward
    accelerating perturbation into/across and east-northeast of the
    Canadian Rockies.

    Models indicate that the lead perturbation may be accompanied by
    weak cyclogenesis to the lee of the Canadian and adjacent northern
    U.S. Rockies, as it begins to progress around the western periphery
    of large-scale mid-level ridging shifting across/east of the
    Canadian Prairies, northern U.S. Great Plains and Upper Midwest.

    As the ridging overspreads the interior northern tier of the U.S.,
    it appears that a broad mid-level low, initially centered just
    inland of the north central Gulf coast, will move little or perhaps
    retrograde to the west and southwest Saturday through Saturday
    night. An associated broad, weak low-level baroclinic zone may
    remain quasi-stationary near/just offshore of the Carolina coast
    through northern Florida, to a weak surface low near/offshore of the southeastern Louisiana coast, but this remains a bit uncertain due
    to model spread.

    Higher moisture content air will generally be confined to a corridor
    focused above/to the cool side of the frontal zone, and within a
    warm sector plume extending east of the mid-level low southward
    toward the tropical latitudes.

    ...Southeast...
    In additional to the uncertain details concerning the north central
    Gulf frontal low and downstream frontal movement, spread evident in
    model output concerning the sub-synoptic developments adds
    uncertainty to the convective forecast. However, while the
    mid-level cold core remains well upstream, it does appear that much
    of northern/central Florida and adjacent portions of the Gulf States
    will remain under the influence of a broadly difluent, modest
    southwesterly mid/upper flow regime.

    Although higher moisture content and more widespread convective
    development may tend to remain focused well offshore, across the
    northeastern Gulf, the front zone and inland advancing sea-breezes
    might provide focus for widely scattered strong thunderstorm
    development during the day. Aided by modestly steep lower/mid-level
    lapse rates, the environment may become conducive for a few of these
    storms to pose a risk for severe hail and wind. Some model output
    suggests that low-level flow northeast of the surface low might
    contribute to hodographs conducive to some risk for a tornado,
    mainly across and west of the Florida Big Bend vicinity.

    ...Montana...
    There is a notable signal within model output concerning the
    potential for the initiation of thunderstorm activity across the
    higher terrain of western Montana, and the subsequent evolution of
    an upscale growing cluster into/across north central Montana
    Saturday afternoon and evening. Moisture/instability within
    thermodynamic profiles characterized by the evolution of a deep and
    well-mixed boundary is forecast to be weak. But shear/momentum
    associated with 40-50+ kt west-southwesterly mid/upper flow may
    become conducive to a few storms initially posing a risk for small
    to marginally severe hail, before strong to severe wind gusts become
    the primary potential hazard until storms weaken Saturday night.

    ..Kerr.. 05/09/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Fri May 9 17:21:33 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 091720
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 091719

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1219 PM CDT Fri May 09 2025

    Valid 101200Z - 111200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER PARTS OF FLORIDA...SOUTHERN GEORGIA AND ALABAMA...AND INTO CENTRAL MONTANA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Strong thunderstorms may impact parts of northern and central
    Florida and adjacent southern Georgia and Alabama on Saturday.
    Additional strong thunderstorms may impact parts of western into
    central Montana.

    ...Synopsis...
    An upper cyclone will remain over the Sabine Valley, with cold air
    aloft extending from TX toward the northern Gulf Coast. At the
    surface, low pressure will move from the northern Gulf into LA/MS,
    with a stationary front over southern AL and GA. A moist and
    unstable air mass will exist south of this boundary, supporting
    bouts of thunderstorms.

    To the west, strong southwest winds aloft will spread across the
    Pacific Northwest and into ID and western MT late. Heating within a
    surface trough over western MT combined with cooling aloft may
    support scattered high based storms.

    ...FL into far southern GA/AL...
    Numerous storms are forecast over parts of the Gulf Of America and
    extending from southern AL into the FL Panhandle during the day.
    Associated outflows may be strong given the amount of convection.
    Veering winds with height in the low levels may support rotation at
    times, and a brief tornado cannot be ruled out along the stationary
    front.

    During the afternoon, strong heating will lead to storms from
    central FL into southern GA, and cool temperatures aloft may favor
    sporadic hail.

    ...West-central MT...
    Scattered fast-moving storms are forecast after about 21Z along the
    ID/MT border and spreading from western into north-central MT. While
    high based, steep lapse rates along with favorable mean winds/deep
    shear will support both strong to severe gusts and marginal hail.

    ..Jewell.. 05/09/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat May 10 05:05:14 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 100503
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 100502

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1202 AM CDT Sat May 10 2025

    Valid 111200Z - 121200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS SUNDAY INTO
    SUNDAY NIGHT ACROSS PARTS OF CNTRL AND NRN FL...SRN SC...SRN
    GA......SRN/WRN AL...CNTRL/ERN MS...CNTRL/ERN MT...WRN ND...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Widely scattered strong thunderstorms may impact the eastern Gulf
    Coast states on Sunday, posing at least some risk for severe hail
    and locally strong surface gusts. Additional thunderstorms may be
    accompanied by some risk for severe hail and strong to severe wind
    gusts across parts of central and eastern Montana into western North
    Dakota late Sunday afternoon and evening.

    ...Synopsis...
    Models continue to indicate little change to the general large-scale
    pattern through this period, with much of North America remaining
    under the influence of amplified, split westerlies - stronger across
    the northern mid-latitudes than across the southern mid- and
    subtropical latitudes. Within this regime, significant mid-level
    troughing, with at least a couple of smaller-scale embedded
    perturbations, is forecast to begin digging inland of the northern
    U.S. Pacific coast. As this occurs, broad downstream ridging will
    continue slowly eastward across the interior of North America, with
    the leading edge likely as far east as the St. Lawrence Valley and
    Northeast by late Sunday night. To the south of this ridge, the
    center of a broad, initially quasi-stationary mid-level low may
    begin a very slow acceleration back to the northeast, across the
    lower Mississippi Valley, in response to the troughing digging into
    the Northwest.

    In lower levels, it appears that one initial weak low across the
    Canadian Prairies will weaken further, as surface troughing
    deepens upstream, to the lee of the Canadian and northern U.S.
    Rockies. At the same time, cool surface ridging, initially centered
    across the lower Great Lakes vicinity, is likely to redevelop
    southeastward off the northern Mid Atlantic coast. Near the
    southwestern periphery of this ridge, a broad area of lower surface
    pressure may continue developing inland of the north central Gulf
    coast, perhaps accompanied by some further boundary-layer moistening
    inland across parts of the eastern Gulf states. Seasonably high
    moisture content, though, may remain confined to a narrow plume
    southeast through south of the mid-level low, from south Carolina
    and Georgia coastal areas across the Florida Peninsula into the
    lower latitudes.

    ...Lower Mississippi Valley/eastern Gulf Coast states...
    Beneath the modest, difluent southwesterly flow, downstream of the
    mid/upper low, model forecast soundings continue to suggest that
    thermodynamic profiles could become conducive to widely scattered
    strong thunderstorms with potential to produce severe hail and
    locally strong surface gusts by Sunday afternoon. Just east of the
    broad, weak surface low centered over the lower Mississippi Valley,
    a belt of modest southerly 850 mb flow may contribute to low-level
    hodographs which may become marginally conducive to a tornado or
    two.

    ...North Rockies into adjacent Great Plains...
    Downstream of the large-scale mid/upper troughing digging into the
    Northwest, it appears that forcing for ascent in the presence of
    weak destabilization will become sufficient for at least scattered
    thunderstorm development. It appears that thermodynamic profiles,
    in the presence of strong deep-layer shear, may become conducive to
    storms with at least some potential to produce severe hail across
    the higher terrain of central Montana.

    As convection propagates northeastward off the higher terrain of
    central and southern Montana, across a more strongly heated and
    deeply mixed boundary layer, downdrafts enhanced by evaporative
    cooling/melting and downward mixing of stronger flow from aloft
    probably will contribute to a few strong to severe surface gusts.
    The latest NAM continues to suggest potential for one or two
    clusters with consolidating downdrafts and outflow, though now
    generally across parts of central/eastern Montana and, perhaps, into
    western North Dakota by late Sunday evening.

    ..Kerr.. 05/10/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sat May 10 17:12:07 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 101712
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 101710

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1210 PM CDT Sat May 10 2025

    Valid 111200Z - 121200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS THE
    SOUTHEAST...AND OVER PARTS OF THE NORTHERN ROCKIES INTO WESTERN
    NORTH DAKOTA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong thunderstorms are expected across the Southeast on
    Sunday, posing a risk for severe hail, locally strong surface gusts,
    and a tornado or two. Additional thunderstorms may produce severe
    hail and strong to severe wind gusts across parts of the northern
    Rockies into western North Dakota.

    ...Southeast...

    A mid/upper cyclone over the Sabine River Valley will slowly meander
    eastward across the Lower MS Valley on Sunday. Moderate deep-layer
    shear on the eastern periphery of this feature will support
    organized cells and clusters across portions of the Southeast during
    the afternoon and evening. Cool temperatures aloft, closer to the
    upper cyclone center across MS/AL will support steepened midlevel
    lapse rates near 7 C/km amid elongated hodographs. This will foster
    a corridor of moderate instability (up to 1500 J/kg MLCAPE).
    Isolated to scattered cells, with perhaps a couple of supercells,
    are possible within this corridor from the western FL Panhandle into central/northern MS. Isolated strong gusts, hail and perhaps a
    tornado are possible.

    Further east, convection may be a bit messier with ongoing showers
    or thunderstorm possible across parts of FL/GA Sunday morning.
    Additional thunderstorms will develop within low-level confluence
    bands and along sea breeze boundaries from the FL Peninsula into
    coastal GA/SC. While midlevel lapse rates will be weaker compared to
    further east, if stronger heating can occur, instability will be
    greater. A mix of multicells and a few supercells will bring a risk
    for isolated damaging gusts, hail, and a tornado or two.

    ...Northern Rockies/High Plains...

    A deepening upper trough will develop over the Northwest on Sunday.
    As this occurs, a belt of enhanced mid/upper southwesterly flow will
    overspread the northern Great Basin into the northern Rockies/High
    Plains. Cooling aloft will support steep midlevel lapse rates amid
    elongated hodographs. As modest destabilization occurs over the
    higher terrain during the afternoon, scattered thunderstorms will
    develop. This initial activity may pose a risk for hail and strong
    gusts. Convection will develop eastward into the adjacent High
    Plains from central MT into western ND during the afternoon and
    evening into a well-mixed boundary layer. Inverted-v sub-cloud
    thermodynamic profiles suggest strong downward transport and
    evaporative processes will foster strong wind gust potential. This
    will be especially true if any updraft consolidation into clusters
    occurs.

    ..Leitman.. 05/10/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun May 11 04:42:11 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 110442
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 110440

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1140 PM CDT Sat May 10 2025

    Valid 121200Z - 131200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS MONDAY ACROSS
    THE FL PENINSULA THROUGH NORTHEASTERN FL...MUCH OF GA AND
    SC...ADJACENT PORTIONS OF NC...NRN/ERN AL...ADJACENT SRN TN...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong thunderstorms may impact parts of the Southeast on
    Monday, particularly a corridor across the Florida Peninsula into
    the South Carolina Piedmont, where strongest activity may pose a
    risk for producing a couple of tornadoes and locally strong surface
    gusts.

    ...Discussion...
    Latest model output remains similar to prior runs concerning the
    mid/upper flow evolution through this period. Within the amplified,
    split westerlies, one significant trough is forecast to continue
    digging inland of the U.S. Pacific coast, downstream of a prominent
    ridge now building across the mid-latitude eastern Pacific. It
    still appears that at least one notable smaller-scale perturbation
    emerging from this trough will accelerate northeast of the northern
    U.S. Rockies into the Canadian Prairies, around the northwestern
    periphery of broad downstream ridging encompassing much of the U.S.
    northern Great Plains through the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence
    Valley.

    In lower-levels, models indicate that deeper surface troughing will
    shift east of the Canadian and northern U.S. Rockies into
    Saskatchewan/Manitoba and the Dakotas, while deepening southward
    through the southern high plains. However, destabilization near
    this feature is likely to be significantly inhibited by warm air
    aloft, and the lack of appreciable low-level moisture return due to
    the continuing presence of a broad mid/upper low initially centered
    across the lower Mississippi Valley.

    Cut off from the stronger westerlies, to the south of the broad
    mid-level ridging, movement of this low is likely to remain slow;
    however, models indicate that it will probably elongate
    north-northeastward across the Mid South and lower Ohio Valley,
    while taking on a negative tilt east of the lower Mississippi Valley
    into Southeast. In lower levels, this may be accompanied by broad,
    weak surface troughing developing across much of the Southeast, as
    surface ridging slowly shifts east of the Atlantic Seaboard.

    ...Southeast...
    Differences linger among the various model output, but the gradient
    between the low-level ridging and troughing may continue to support
    a belt of modest southerly low-level flow (20-30+ kt around 850 mb)
    along a corridor roughly from the Florida Peninsula into the South
    Carolina Piedmont. It appears probable that this will coincide with
    a deep lower/mid-tropospheric moist plume emanating from the lower
    latitudes, beneath a belt of moderate to strong, difluent
    southwesterly high-level flow

    Much of this corridor may be impacted by considerable remnant
    convectively generated cloud cover, and perhaps continuing scattered thunderstorm development, at the outset of the period. However, the environment appears at least conditionally supportive of organized
    convection, including supercells, with potential to produce
    tornadoes and damaging wind gusts. And breaks in the cloud cover
    during the day may allow for sufficient insolation and
    boundary-layer destabilization to allow for some of this potential
    to be realized.

    Otherwise, closer to the mid-level cold core, models suggest that
    forcing for ascent downstream of an embedded cyclonic vorticity
    center may aid thunderstorm development across the northern/eastern
    Alabama into western Georgia vicinity. Despite at least some
    low-level drying in the wake of the aforementioned moist plume,
    thermodynamic profiles might still become conducive to small to
    marginally severe hail in widely scattered stronger cells, in the
    presence of modest deep-layer shear.

    ..Kerr.. 05/11/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Sun May 11 16:58:14 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 111658
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 111656

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1156 AM CDT Sun May 11 2025

    Valid 121200Z - 131200Z

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PORTIONS
    OF THE TENNESSEE VALLEY AND THE SOUTHEAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong thunderstorms may impact parts of the Southeast on
    Monday. The strongest activity may pose a risk for a couple of
    tornadoes, locally strong surface gusts, and isolated hail.

    ...Southeast...

    The mid/upper low over the lower MS Valley will pivot northeast
    toward the TN Valley on Monday. A belt of enhanced
    south/southwesterly flow aloft will overspread portions of the
    Southeast. Vertically veering wind profiles, with 30-45 kt of flow
    between 700-500 mb, will support effective shear magnitude greater
    than 30 kt across much of the risk area. South/southeasterly
    low-level flow will maintain a moist airmass. Meanwhile, cool
    temperatures aloft will support modest midlevel lapse rates. Pockets
    of stronger daytime heating with aid in modest destabilization, with
    MLCAPE around 500-1000 J/kg forecast. Similar to the previous couple
    of days, bands of cells/clusters are expected through the day. This
    activity will pose an isolated risk for locally damaging gusts,
    marginal hail, and a tornado or two.

    ..Leitman.. 05/11/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon May 12 05:31:15 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 120530
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 120528

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1228 AM CDT Mon May 12 2025

    Valid 131200Z - 141200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    The risk for organized severe thunderstorms remains limited across
    the U.S. Tuesday through Tuesday night.

    ...Synopsis...
    A gradual amplification of the upper-level trough currently over the
    Pacific Northwest is expected over the next 48 hours across the
    western CONUS. This will maintain a southwesterly flow regime across
    the central and northern Rockies, which will promote steady lee
    troughing and modest moisture return across the Plains through
    Tuesday night. The eastward advection of a stout EML will result in
    strong capping across the southern Plains where moisture return will
    be the greatest. A few isolated high-based thunderstorms are
    possible along the surface trough late afternoon/early evening, and
    may produce strong downdrafts given deep boundary-layer mixing, but
    the overall convective signal remains too limited to warrant risk probabilities. Additional elevated convection is possible early
    Wednesday morning across the Dakotas as a cold front begins to push
    east across the northern Plains.

    Across the East, the upper low currently over the lower MS River
    Valley is expected to gradually de-amplify and lift to the
    northeast. Rich low-level moisture already in place ahead of this
    feature, coupled with daytime heating and limited inhibition, will
    maintain scattered thunderstorm chances for most areas east of the
    MS River to the central Appalachians. Loosely organized convection
    is possible across eastern NC Tuesday afternoon in the vicinity of a
    weak surface low/trough where low-level winds may be sufficiently
    backed to elongate hodographs. However, disparity in recent guidance
    regarding the overall convective environment and convective coverage
    in the wake of widespread early-morning precipitation precludes
    highlights. Similarly, somewhat organized convection may materialize
    across parts of MS/western AL Tuesday evening at the eastern
    periphery of the EML where capping will be weaker. While hodographs
    will be favorable for organized convection, weak forcing for ascent
    should limit the probability for sustained, robust storms.

    ..Moore.. 05/12/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Mon May 12 16:55:21 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 121655
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 121653

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1153 AM CDT Mon May 12 2025

    Valid 131200Z - 141200Z

    ...NO SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AREAS FORECAST...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe storms are not forecast on Tuesday.

    ...Synopsis and Discussion...
    On Tuesday, an upper low will proceed northward across the TN and OH
    Valleys, beneath the larger-scale upper ridge extending from the
    Northeast into eastern Canada. As this occurs, winds aloft will
    generally weaken from FL into the Mid Atlantic, but cool
    temperatures aloft will maintain thunderstorm chances over much of
    the East. Severe chances will be limited by poor lapse rates aloft
    in most areas.

    To the west, a deep upper trough will move eastward across the Great
    Basin, with a intense midlevel speed max moving from southern CA
    toward the Four Corners area. Moderate southwest flow aloft will
    exist over the central and northern Rockies, with increasing
    west/northwest flow aloft from NM into TX north of a Mexican upper
    ridge. Beneath the upper trough, cold air aloft will favor daytime thunderstorms from the Sierra into the northern Rockies, and into
    the evening across the western Dakotas.

    ..Jewell.. 05/12/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue May 13 05:37:22 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 130537
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 130536

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1236 AM CDT Tue May 13 2025

    Valid 141200Z - 151200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS ACROSS PARTS OF
    THE CENTRAL TO NORTHERN PLAINS...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong to severe thunderstorms are possible mainly over
    parts of the Dakotas and Nebraska Wednesday afternoon and evening.
    A more isolated severe threat is anticipated across parts of the
    Southeast and Mid-Atlantic Wednesday afternoon.

    ...Synopsis...
    An upper trough evident in water-vapor imagery over the Pacific
    Northwest is forecast to pivot into the central and northern Plains
    over the next 48 hours. As this occurs, strong to severe
    thunderstorms are expected to develop ahead of the wave and within a
    narrow warm sector in place across parts of the central to northern
    Plains. Across the Southeast and Mid-Atlantic, a weakening
    upper-level low will continue to de-amplify as it meanders to the
    northeast. Residual 25-35 knot mid-level flow will likely contribute
    to some storm organization as convection develops within a moist and
    weakly capped environment.

    ...Central to Northern Plains...
    Continued deepening of a surface trough is anticipated through the
    next 48 hours across the northern Plains. This will maintain a
    southeasterly flow regime across the Plains with modest moisture
    return anticipated within a narrow plume from NE into the Dakotas by
    Wednesday afternoon. A Pacific cold front, evident in late-evening
    surface observations across the Intermountain West, is forecast to
    progress east and impinge on the narrow warm sector by late
    afternoon/early evening. Storm motions and deep-layer shear vectors
    largely parallel to the front will favor relatively quick upscale
    growth into clusters/linear segments. Although shear will initially
    be modest, the high-based nature of the storms should promote a
    strong/severe wind threat. With time, strengthening mid to
    upper-level flow will elongate hodographs and may support an
    increasing hail threat into the evening hours as convection develops
    southward along the front. Some guidance hints at a second round of
    convection late evening into the overnight hours across southeast SD
    into NE as the primary vorticity maximum ejects into the Plains and
    promotes additional thunderstorm development along the advancing
    cold front.

    ...Carolinas to Mid-Atlantic...
    A moist air mass will remain in place across the Southeast and
    Mid-Atlantic through the next 48 hours in the absence of any
    synoptic fronts or influential gradient winds. Rich moisture through
    the lowest 100-200 mb will maintain weak capping and support
    diurnally driven convection by late afternoon as surface
    temperatures warm into the mid 70s under broken cloud cover. Similar
    to previous days, which have produced isolated damaging winds, weak
    low-level winds under 25-35 knot mid-level flow will promote
    transient storm organization. While a similar
    thermodynamic/kinematic environment will be in place across much of
    the Southeast on Wednesday, latest CAM guidance suggests the best
    severe potential resides across portions of the Carolinas into the
    DelMarVa region where thunderstorm coverage should be greatest ahead
    of the mid-level vorticity maximum.

    ..Moore.. 05/13/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Tue May 13 17:17:43 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 131717
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 131716

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1216 PM CDT Tue May 13 2025

    Valid 141200Z - 151200Z

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS OVER PARTS OF THE DAKOTAS...NEBRASKA...AND WESTERN IOWA AND SOUTHWEST MINNESOTA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered strong to severe thunderstorms are possible mainly over
    parts of the Dakotas and Nebraska Wednesday afternoon and evening,
    and perhaps into far western Iowa and southwest Minnesota overnight.
    A few strong gusts may occur over parts of the Southeast and
    Mid-Atlantic Wednesday afternoon.

    ...Synopsis...
    A potent upper speed max will move from the Four Corners area into
    the central Plains late Wednesday, with the overall trough taking on
    a negative tilt from MT into NE late. During the daytime, southerly
    flow and cooling aloft will proceed eastward across the northern
    Plains, where a surface trough will also deepen. This will provide a
    focus for afternoon storms, with additional activity late in the day
    over the central High Plains in association with the ejecting upper
    wave.

    To the east, a weakening upper trough will continue lifting north
    across the OH Valley, Great Lakes and Mid Atlantic, with cool
    temperatures aloft aiding daytime destabilization for scattered
    thunderstorms.

    ...Northern Plains...
    A north-south line of convection is forecast to form within the
    surface trough across the central Dakotas by 00Z, with additional
    activity developing over western NE. Shear will be marginal early
    on, but cool temperatures aloft and 1500-2000 J/kg MUCAPE will favor
    hail and locally strong gusts. During the evening and overnight,
    the environment will change rapidly as the upper trough approaches.
    Additional cooling aloft as well as developing 850 mb warm front
    should support an MCS or two, with damaging wind and hail both
    spreading across central and northern NE, eastern SD, and finally
    into western IA and southwest MN. Capping should limit southward
    development, perhaps to I-80 or so.

    ...Mid Atlantic Region...
    Cool midlevel temperatures will remain from the OH Valley into the
    Mid Atlantic beneath the ejecting upper trough. Dewpoints in the 60s
    F along with daytime heating will lead to pockets of 1500 J/kg
    MLCAPE, with generally weak but veering winds with height. Scattered
    storms appear most likely over central NC and VA, and a few strong
    wind gusts cannot be ruled out.

    ..Jewell.. 05/13/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed May 14 05:58:20 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 140556
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 140555

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1255 AM CDT Wed May 14 2025

    Valid 151200Z - 161200Z

    ...THERE IS AN ENHANCED RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS PARTS OF THE
    UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER VALLEY AND WESTERN GREAT LAKES...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Scattered severe thunderstorms are expected across parts of the
    upper Mississippi River Valley and western Great Lakes region
    Thursday afternoon and evening. More isolated severe thunderstorms
    are expected through the lower Ohio River Valley, Ozarks Plateau,
    and parts of the Mid-Atlantic.

    ...Synopsis...
    The upper-level trough currently over the Intermountain
    West/northern Rockies is forecast to eject into the upper MS River
    Valley over the next 48 hours. As this occurs, a Pacific cold front
    will rapidly push east into the MS Valley and Midwest as an intense
    surface cyclone begins to occlude over the eastern Dakotas/western
    MN. Scattered thunderstorms are expected to develop along the front
    by early-afternoon with increasing coverage across the upper MS
    Valley through early evening. Increasingly sparse, but severe,
    thunderstorms are anticipated along the front across the Midwest
    into the lower OH Valley and Ozarks/Texarkana regions through the
    evening and overnight hours.

    ...Upper MS Valley and western Great Lakes...
    04 UTC surface observations show upper 50s to low 60s dewpoints
    already spreading northwest into the upper MS Valley as a surface
    low begins to organized across the northern Plains. Confidence
    remains high that dewpoints in the mid 60s should overspread much of
    the region by mid-day Thursday and will contribute to regional
    MLCAPE values upwards of 2000-2500 J/kg. Strong forcing for ascent
    along the approaching front and within the left-exit region of a
    50-60 knot mid-level jet will erode capping at the base of a stout
    EML and promote thunderstorm development by early afternoon across
    parts of central to southern MN. Elongated hodographs with
    cross-boundary mean winds will promote organized, initially discrete/semi-discrete cells with an attendant severe wind and hail (potentially as large as 2 inches) threat. Veering winds through the
    lowest 2 km will also support a tornado threat with early
    convection.

    With time, persistent strong forcing along the front should promote
    some degree of upscale growth/clustering, though supercells will
    remain likely on the southern fringe of the line where capping will
    remain stronger and favor more isolated convection. The potential
    for somewhat longer-lived supercells may be maximized across
    southeast WI into adjacent portions of IL, northern IN, and
    southwest lower MI. Forecast soundings depict ESRH values on the
    order of 200-300 m2/s2, suggesting a significant tornado threat
    could materialize. Confidence in the coverage of such cells remains
    limited, but trends will be monitored for the need for increased
    tornado risk probabilities.

    ...Midwest and Ohio Valley...
    Forecast guidance continues to show the best moisture return across
    parts of IL, IN, and northern KY by Thursday afternoon. Dewpoints in
    the upper 60s to low 70s under nearly 8 C/km mid-level lapse rates
    will support a very unstable air mass with MLCAPE values approaching
    4000 J/kg. Despite the very favorable buoyancy, capping at the base
    of the EML is expected to limit storm coverage across this region.
    Recent guidance has trended towards perhaps a slightly increased
    coverage of thunderstorms compared to previous runs, but the overall
    consensus among deterministic and CAM ensemble guidance is that
    storm coverage should be sparse. Nonetheless, effective bulk shear
    values on the order of 40-50 knots will promote supercells during
    the late afternoon/evening hours with all hazards possible,
    including the potential for significant hail/tornadoes.
    Consideration was given for an expansion of the Enhanced risk area,
    but limited confidence in convective coverage precluded such
    expansion.

    ...Texarkana to the Ozark Plateau...
    Weaker forcing along the front and strong capping will likely limit thunderstorm coverage from the Texarkana region into the Ozark
    Plateau during the afternoon/evening. Heading into the overnight
    hours, increasing low-level isentropic ascent over the frontal
    boundary will support thunderstorm development - especially across
    the Ozarks into the mid-MS Valley. Strong deep-layer shear will
    promote initial supercells, but storm propagation along the front
    will likely promote clustering with time. Nonetheless, a severe
    hail/wind threat will likely materialize within this corridor.

    ...Mid-Atlantic...
    A moist, weakly capped air mass is expected to remain in place
    across the Mid-Atlantic through Thursday afternoon. While lapse
    rates will be modest after several days of convective overturning,
    temperatures warming into the upper 70s/low 80s will promote
    sufficient buoyancy for thunderstorm development. Upper ridging
    moving into the region will likely limit thunderstorm coverage, but
    convection developing along the Blue Ridge Mountains will mature in
    an environment with increasing deep-layer shear. A few organized
    cells appear possible with an attendant severe hail/wind threat.

    ..Moore.. 05/14/2025

    $$

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/105 to wx-storm@lists.illinois.edu on Wed May 14 17:37:25 2025
    ACUS02 KWNS 141737
    SWODY2
    SPC AC 141736

    Day 2 Convective Outlook
    NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman OK
    1236 PM CDT Wed May 14 2025

    Valid 151200Z - 161200Z

    ...THERE IS AN ENHANCED RISK OF SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS FROM
    EAST-CENTRAL MINNESOTA INTO MUCH OF WISCONSIN...NORTHEAST
    ILLINOIS...SOUTHWEST LOWER MICHIGAN...AND NORTHERN INDIANA...

    ...SUMMARY...
    Severe thunderstorms are expected across parts of the upper
    Mississippi River Valley and Great Lakes region Thursday afternoon
    and evening. The primary risk with this activity is large to very
    large hail, tornadoes (a couple may be strong), and scattered wind
    damage.

    More isolated severe thunderstorms are expected through the lower
    Ohio River Valley, Ozarks Plateau, and parts of the Mid-Atlantic.

    ...Synopsis...

    An upper cyclone centered over the Dakotas, and attendant
    negative-tilt shortwave trough will deepen and spread northeast
    across the Upper Midwest on Thursday. A belt of enhanced mid/upper southwesterly flow will overspread the region, with a secondary jet
    streak oriented from the southern Plains to the Ohio Valley.

    At the surface, low pressure is forecast over eastern SD during the
    morning. The deepening surface low will lift north/northeast into
    northern MN through much of the forecast period. As this occurs, a
    warm front arcing southeast from the low to the Ohio Valley will
    lift northward during the afternoon and into the evening. This will
    allow a moist warm sector to lift northward across the Upper MS
    Valley and Great Lakes vicinity. Extending south from the surface
    low, a dryline will be in place from the Mid-MO valley into eastern
    OK and central TX. This feature will develop east/northeast across MN/WI/IA/MO/IL through the evening.

    Severe thunderstorm activity is expected near the triple point, and
    along the warm front and dryline (where a capping inversion is able
    to be overcome).

    ...Upper Midwest/Great Lakes vicinity...

    Convection will likely be ongoing Thursday morning near the surface
    low and beneath the upper low. Cold temperatures aloft will support
    steepened midlevel lapse rates within modest boundary layer moisture
    across the eastern Dakotas. Hail will be possible with this
    activity. Supercell wind profiles are also expected into late
    morning, and additional low-topped convection may develop from late
    morning into early afternoon, posing a risk of hail, gusty winds and
    a tornado or two across the eastern Dakotas.

    By afternoon, mid-60s F dewpoints are expected within a somewhat
    narrow warm sector from central MN southeast into WI and northern
    IL. As large-scale ascent increases, thunderstorms are expected to
    develop in an arc from east-central MN into southeast WI on the nose
    of a 40-50 kt low-level jet and midlevel dry slot. Vertically
    veering winds will produce supercell wind profiles. Low-level
    hodographs will become enlarged, in part due to the increasing
    low-level jet, but also within the warm front zone. Additionally,
    steep midlevel lapse rates and MLCAPE greater than 2500 J/kg are
    possible. This should support robust updrafts and rapidly increasing
    storm intensity once initiation occurs. Large to very large hail (up
    to 3 inch diameter) and tornadoes (a couple may be strong) appear
    possible within the moisture-rich, favorably sheared warm sector.
    Given strong 850-700 mb flow and steepening low-level lapse rates
    where strong heating occurs, severe gust potential is also expected.
    Current thinking is that given the orthogonal nature of low-level
    flow to the surface boundaries, supercell storm mode may be favored,
    with perhaps a trend toward bowing segment during the evening. A
    gust to 80 mph cannot be ruled out, but given uncertainty in storm
    mode transitioning to or favoring linear segments have held off on
    adding a sig-wind delineation.

    The bands of severe storms should develop northeast with time into
    the evening, with a gradual weakening trend expected across Upper
    and Lower MI.

    ...Northern IL/IN into OH/PA vicinity...

    Storm coverage is more uncertain with southward extent due to
    increasing capping in the 850-700 mb layer, and weaker large-scale
    ascent. Nevertheless, isolated to widely scattered storms are
    expected to develop during the afternoon in a strongly unstable and
    moderately sheared environment. Supercells producing large hail, a
    couple of tornadoes and damaging gusts will be possible into the
    evening hours across IL/IN. Additional activity is expected to
    develop in the low-level warm advection regime during the
    evening/overnight hours across portions of OH/western PA. This
    activity may remain elevated, but would still pose a risk for hail,
    or perhaps isolated gusty winds if clustering occurs.

    ...Ozarks to Mid-South/Ohio Valley...
    Further south from southeast MO/southern IL into KY, modest height
    falls are forecast during the evening/overnight hours. This may be
    sufficient to either overcome capping, or to allow elevated
    convection to develop. Severe storms capable of damaging gusts,large
    hail and a tornado or two appear possible, though this risk is a bit
    more uncertain/conditional and coverage may be low.

    ...Mid-Atlantic...

    A moist, weakly capped air mass is expected to remain in place
    across the Mid-Atlantic through Thursday afternoon. While lapse
    rates will be modest after several days of convective overturning,
    temperatures warming into the upper 70s/low 80s will promote
    sufficient buoyancy for thunderstorm development. Upper ridging
    moving into the region will likely limit thunderstorm coverage, but
    convection developing along the Blue Ridge Mountains will mature in
    an environment with increasing deep-layer shear. A few organized
    cells appear possible with an attendant severe hail/wind threat.

    ..Leitman.. 05/14/2025

    $$

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